{"id":1579,"date":"2022-10-21T12:13:46","date_gmt":"2022-10-21T12:13:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/materials\/"},"modified":"2026-08-03T09:41:00","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T09:41:00","slug":"materials","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/en\/materials\/","title":{"rendered":"MATERIALS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"et_pb_section_0 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_block_section section_has_divider et_pb_top_divider et_pb_bottom_divider\"><div class=\"et_pb_top_inside_divider et-no-transition\"><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_row_0 et_pb_row et_block_row\"><div class=\"et_pb_column_0 et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et-last-child et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_image_0 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img   decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Logo_L-bianco.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Logo_L-bianco.png 261w\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"    sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" class=\"wp-image-352 lazyload\" title=\"Logo_L-white\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Logo_L-bianco.png\" width=\"261\" height=\"265\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Logo_L-bianco.png 261w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" class=\"wp-image-352\" title=\"Logo_L-white\"><\/noscript><\/span><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_text_0 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module et_pb_text_align_center\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\" data-et-mv-hidden-tablet=\"true\"><p>WORKING WITH MATTER<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module et_pb_text_align_center\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\" data-et-mv-hidden-phone=\"true\"><p>The raw materials used make a difference!<br \/>High quality standards and total guarantee are essential components<br \/>to obtain artefacts that stand the test of time.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_bottom_inside_divider et-no-transition\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_section_1 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_block_section section_has_divider et_pb_bottom_divider\"><div class=\"et_pb_row_1 et_pb_row et_block_row\"><div class=\"et_pb_column_1 et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et-last-child et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_2 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">MATERIALS SELECTED<br \/>TO GUARANTEE THE HIGHEST QUALITY STANDARDS<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_text_3 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module et_pb_text_align_justified\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Liana Carpenteria specializes in high quality metalwork and artefacts for architecture, museum furniture and civil construction. The use of various materials such as brass, glass powder, metal powder makes the workmanship particularly accurate with unique and superior quality finishes.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_divider_0 et_pb_divider et_pb_space et_pb_divider_position_top et_pb_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_divider_internal\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_text_4 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module et_pb_text_align_justified\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Metalworking is an art that has evolved over millennia, skilfully blending craftsmanship and new technologies. Metalworking can take place with the use of different techniques and\/or tools, sometimes combined in the process.<\/p>\n<p>Metalworking techniques fall into two types:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u2022 hot working;<\/li>\n<li>\u2022 cold working.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The terms \"hot\" and \"cold\" do not indicate the absolute temperatures of the metals being worked, but simply attribute a value (which is the ratio between the temperature at which the work is being carried out, and the melting temperature of the metal in question) to the state in which that metal is, and in particular its proximity to its melting temperature. If this ratio is less than 0.3, the machining is called 'cold', if it is greater than 0.6, it is called 'hot'; if the ratio has intermediate values, it is called 'warm' machining. For example, up to 200 \u00b0C steel is cold-worked, while working lead at 25 \u00b0C (room temperature) means working it hot. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_row_2 et_pb_row et_block_row\"><div class=\"et_pb_column_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et-last-child et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_5 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">HOT WORKING<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_toggle_0 et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_item et_pb_toggle_close et_pb_module et_block_module\"><h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">FORGING<\/h5><div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\"><p>Derived from the term forge, a place where the metal piece is heated. It consists of red-hot metal to make it easily deformable. The piece is then beaten with a mallet to obtain the desired shape. This is a very old technique. Today, die forging (stamping) is preferred, whereby the red-hot metal bar is placed on a die and a second die, known as a countermould, is lowered onto it in order to clamp the shape between the two, exerting strong pressure. After forging, the piece is cut into its final shape (blanking) and burrs are removed and corners are smoothed by hand filing (finishing). Hammers and tongs are very strong forged objects that are used as tools.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_toggle_1 et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_item et_pb_toggle_close et_pb_module et_block_module\"><h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">MOULDING<\/h5><div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\"><p><span>Casting is used to produce objects that have a very complex shape. Usually, metals with medium or low melting temperatures are melted. The molten metal is thrown into the mould (casting) and waits for it to become solid again through cooling. The mould is opened and the part is finished by removing sprues, burrs and chamfering corners. Cast articles include taps, handles, coffee pots, manhole covers, street lamps.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_toggle_2 et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_item et_pb_toggle_close et_pb_module et_block_module\"><h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">PRINTING<\/h5><div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\"><p><span>Then there is moulding, which is done by blowing air with a bellows into a chimney then placing the piece of metal until it turns bright red finally taking a sledgehammer and giving it the desired shape.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_row_3 et_pb_row et_block_row\"><div class=\"et_pb_column_3 et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et-last-child et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_6 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">COLD PROCESSING<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_text_7 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module et_pb_text_align_justified\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>This is only carried out on steel and aluminium sheets. Sheets can be bent or machined to obtain hollow pieces.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_toggle_3 et_pb_toggle et_pb_toggle_item et_pb_toggle_close et_pb_module et_block_module\"><h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">BENDING<\/h5><div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\"><p><span>The deep-drawing operation allows a flat sheet to be transformed into a concave shape, maintaining the average thickness almost unchanged. It is the operation that most stresses the sheet metal during deformation and for this reason requires quality sheet metal. Objects obtained by deep drawing are e.g. saucepans, lids, exteriors of household appliances, car body parts.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_bottom_inside_divider et-no-transition\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_section_2 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_block_section\"><div class=\"et_pb_row_4 et_pb_row et_block_row\"><div class=\"et_pb_column_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_8 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>IRON<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_text_9 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module et_pb_text_align_justified\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Iron is by far the most widely used metal and alone accounts for 95% of the world's metal production. It is extracted from ores: pure iron is not found in nature (native). To extract iron from its ores, within which it is found in an oxidized state, it is necessary to remove impurities by chemical reduction of the ore. Industrially, iron is mainly extracted from hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4) by reduction with carbon in a reduction furnace at temperatures of around 2000 \u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_column_5 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et-last-child et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_image_1 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img   decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-particolare-33.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-particolare-33.jpg 800w, https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-particolare-33-480x480.jpg 480w\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"    sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 800px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-347 lazyload\" title=\"Liana Carpenteria IST - particolare 33\"  \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-particolare-33.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-particolare-33.jpg 800w, https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-particolare-33-480x480.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 800px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-347\" title=\"Liana Carpenteria IST - particolare 33\"><\/noscript><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_section_3 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_block_section section_has_divider et_pb_top_divider\"><div class=\"et_pb_top_inside_divider et-no-transition\"><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_row_5 et_pb_row et_block_row\"><div class=\"et_pb_column_6 et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_10 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>STEEL<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_text_11 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module et_pb_text_align_justified\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>It is an alloy of iron and carbon that, thanks to its hard and resistant characteristics, can be used for practically any project. It was first obtained in 1740 by B. Huntsman in Sheffield by melting cemented iron in a crucible and his process was strictly kept secret for many years. Steel interprets the most up-to-date synthesis of engineering and architecture by realizing constructions that translate into profitable investments over time. The variability of construction solutions is significantly increased by the ease with which steel can be combined with other materials. Galvanized, painted, self-patinating and stainless, steel retains its characteristics over time. Many types of steel surfaces do not require any protective treatment.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_column_7 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et-last-child et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_image_2 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img   decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-acciaio.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-acciaio.jpg 800w, https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-acciaio-480x480.jpg 480w\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"    sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 800px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-367 lazyload\" title=\"Liana Carpenteria IST - steel\"  \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-acciaio.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-acciaio.jpg 800w, https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-acciaio-480x480.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 800px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-367\" title=\"Liana Carpenteria IST - steel\"><\/noscript><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_section_4 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_block_section section_has_divider et_pb_top_divider\"><div class=\"et_pb_top_inside_divider et-no-transition\"><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_row_6 et_pb_row et_block_row\"><div class=\"et_pb_column_8 et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_12 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>THE BRASS<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_text_13 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module et_pb_text_align_justified\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) with varying percentages of zinc depending on usage requirements for excellent workability. It is a very attractive material due to its good mechanical properties, its resistance to corrosion, its easy workability, etc. The use of the highest quality alloys and materials therefore ensures maximum resistance and safety in the finishing of our products, which are characterised by impeccable workmanship and a handcrafted finish. Decorations and original workmanship are also realised with the use of different materials such as wood, glass and many others.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_column_9 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et-last-child et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_image_3 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img   decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-ottone.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-ottone.jpg 800w, https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-ottone-480x480.jpg 480w\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"    sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 800px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-368 lazyload\" title=\"Liana Carpenteria IST - brass\"  \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-ottone.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-ottone.jpg 800w, https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-ottone-480x480.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 800px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-368\" title=\"Liana Carpenteria IST - brass\"><\/noscript><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_section_5 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_block_section section_has_divider et_pb_top_divider\"><div class=\"et_pb_top_inside_divider et-no-transition\"><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_row_7 et_pb_row et_block_row\"><div class=\"et_pb_column_10 et_pb_column et_pb_column_2_3 et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_14 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>ALUMINIUM<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_text_15 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_block_module et_pb_text_align_justified\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Aluminium is the ideal building material because it is functional, durable and aesthetically appealing. In construction, aluminium products are used for fa\u00e7ade cladding and roofing. Choosing aluminium certainly comes from the functionality and efficiency of this material. It should not be forgotten that aluminium is highly valued by architects and planners! It has minimal weight and makes the substructure lightweight and allows building elements to be prefabricated easily.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_column_11 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_3 et-last-child et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_image_4 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img   decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-alluminio.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-alluminio.jpg 800w, https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-alluminio-480x480.jpg 480w\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"    sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 800px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-369 lazyload\" title=\"Liana Carpenteria IST - aluminium\"  \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-alluminio.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-alluminio.jpg 800w, https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Liana-Carpenteria-IST-alluminio-480x480.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 800px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-369\" title=\"Liana Carpenteria IST - aluminium\"><\/noscript><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1579","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"dsm_author":{"name":"SIl.Ros.LianCar.2022","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/ee68ec330cd74eb71c2ee4cf94e68c21daf7a7034726ebb56efcb8cadca25571?s=96&d=mm&r=g","archive_link":"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/en\/author\/sil-ros-liancar-2022\/","biodata":""},"dsm_categories":[],"dsm_attachment_categories":[],"dsm_featured_image":null,"dsm_comment_count":0,"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1579","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1579"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1579\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lianacarpenteria.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1579"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}